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Research Article: Althalji et al 74
proposed protocol is lightweight and suitable
for devices with limited and restricted
specifications because it uses new control
message which is not periodically sent .
The rest of this paper is organized as following:
The first section introduces the RPL routing
protocols, then related works are mentioned
with discussions about the challenges of the
research to design an efficient LLNs routing
protocol. After that the proposed control

message is explained, followed by the extensive Fig. 1: Control messages used in RPL
simulation, performance evaluation and
interpretations. Finally, the paper is concluded . The RPL protocol depends on the Trickle
algorithm to manage the timers used to send
RPL (Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy
]3[
Networks(LLN)) : periodic messages, to reduce the overhead on
In the network layer of the IoT protocol stack these networks. When the state of instability is
detected, the transmission rate of control
using 6LoWPAN technology, The RPL routing
messages increases to spread updates quickly
protocol was developed by (ROLL) group and and reduces when the network is stable .
[4]
was described in RFC (6550). RPL is suitable for
The node selects the parent node using
fixed devices not the mobile devices. The root
Objective Function (OF) that depends on the
node serves as a gateway to the Internet for number of hops, then it was developed to
devices in the network. RPL organizes a
MARHOF (The Minimum Rank with Hysteresis
topology as a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) that
is partitioned into one or more Destination Objective Function) [5] in which the parent
node is selected based on the value of the
Oriented DAGs (DODAGs), one DODAG per root.
Expected Transmission Count (ETX) that
It sends periodic DIO (DODAG Information
Object) messages to inform nodes of its determine the quality of the link. The RPL
protocol did not specify any mechanism for
existence. It invites the neighbour nodes to call
detecting routing adjacency failures of mobile
it, and in turn, each node that hears the DIO
message and wants to communicate with root node because such a mechanism causes
overhead in bandwidth and power
node will send a DAO (Destination
consumption. It is not suitable for Battery-
Advertisement Object) message, then each
node that communicates with parent node powered devices to send periodic messages, so
it requires external mechanisms to detect that
sends DIO messages to make the rest of the
the neighbour node is no longer reachable. This
nodes connect and this process is repeated until mechanism should preferably focus on links
all nodes are connected together, which is
]3[
that were already used .
shown in Figure 1 .
Related work
Fotouhi (2015) proposed the MRPL protocol by
integrating the RPL protocol with the smart hop
using beacons. The protocol has two phases:
the discovery phase and the data transmission
phase. In the route discovery phase, the mobile
node sends a broadcast of n DIS messages. The
node that receives DIS messages calculates the
ARSSI and adds this value within a DIO message.
The mobile node selects its parent node that

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