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Research Article: Althalji et al 75
]6[
sent the DIO message with the highest ARSSI . Rachedi (2019) [11] focused on two phases in the
Gara (2016) suggested to use adaptive timer protocol, the first one is motion detection for
algorithm to regulate the transmission of DIO the nodes, and the second is predicting the new
and DIS messages by the mobile nodes. The connection before the current connection is
proposed algorithm computes (d) the lost. It relied on the principle of excluding the
remaining distance for a node to leave the mobile nodes from the path to avoid
parent node's radio range by subtracting the interruptions caused by them and considered
preferred parent node's radio range from the the mobile nodes as a leaf in the network that
value of the distance between the two nodes. isn't a router. EMA-RPL assumed that the node
When (d) distance becomes shorter, the node is moving away when the value of ARSSI
discovers to find a new parent node. The decreases, but this is not always true because
researcher suggested using ETX and RSSI values this value is affected by obstacles . Bouaziz
]7[
to determine the best parent node .Cobârzan (2019) [12] used the Kalman filter algorithm to
(2016) proposed Mobility-Triggered RPL (MT- predict the movement of mobile nodes and
RPL) is a cross-layer protocol operating choose the parent node based on the predicted
between the MAC and routing layers. It enables path. EKF-MRPL assumes that the mobile nodes
X-Machiavel operations to use information will not participate in any routing process, but
from layer 2 to trigger actions at layer 3 to this is not always possible, especially in
ensure the node connects to the network. It applications with many mobile nodes.
reduces the disconnection time, increases the Predicting movement and calculating distances
packet delivery ratio, and reduces overhead. A are based on RSSI value which is inaccurate
restriction of MT-RPL is that it relies on a fixed because it is affected by obstacles . Sanshi
node that acts as an opportunistic forwarder for (2019) [13] modified the RPL protocol using fuzzy
]8[
packets sent by a mobile node .Wang (2017) logic with several parameters (residual power,
proposed an RRD (RSSI, Rank, and Dynamic) expected transfer count ETX, RSSI, mobility
method to develop the RPL protocol based on a timer). FL-RPL uses the mobility timer
combination of Received Signal Strength parameter, which is the expected time to
Indicator (RSSI) monitoring, Rank updating, and remain within the radio range depending on the
dynamic control message. It proposes a new location obtained from the RSSI value. This
DIO interval by modifying it dynamically method isn't accurate because it is affected by
according to Rank updates. RRD increased the barriers and interference. Mobile nodes are
packet delivery ratio and decreased the end-to- considered leaf nodes and cannot participate in
end delay and overhead, but it did not consider the routing process, This concept is not correct
energy consumption ]9[ . Fotouhi (2017) in the case of a network with more mobile
proposed mRPL+ [10] , when the link quality nodes than fixed ones . Manikannan (2020) [14]
decreases during the transfer process with the used the firefly algorithm (FA) inspired by the
parent node, the node will start sending firefly that produces light to communicate or
periodic DIO messages to search for a better attract prey or as a protective warning
parent node. It also relied on the principle of mechanism. When the distance increases, the
overhearing to allow the parent node's light becomes weaker. It depends on choosing
neighbour nodes listen for all messages the parent node with a high RSSI value and re-
exchanged in their radio range. When a implementing the FA algorithm until it reaches
neighbour node detects good link quality with an optimal solution. In the simulation, only 12
the mobile node, it sends a DIO message to link nodes were used, and FA-RPL improved the
with it. mRPL+ achieved good results in terms of packet delivery rate by 2.31%. The firefly
the packet delivery rate, reaching 100%, but it algorithm (FA) is a good and powerful
led to more power consumption . Bouaziz and optimization algorithm, but its computational
SJSI – 2023: VOLUME 1-1
