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Review Article: Al-Afif 24

D to rapid industrialization, biofuels.
Introduction sugarcane as a feedstock for the manufacture of
ue
urbanization, and population growth,
the demand for energy and its
resources is increasing annually. It is projected
that global energy consumption will reach 812
quadrillion KJ in 2035, meanwhile, fossil fuels
are still the dominant energy source. The use of
petroleum and other liquid fossil fuels
worldwide was 85.7 million barrels/day in 2008
and is expected to increase to 112.2 million
(1)
barrels/day in 2035 . It is expected that we will
(2)
deplete the entire global oil reserve by 2050 . Fig. 1 Conversion of biomass to bioenergy
Approximately 86% of global CO2 emission is
associated with the use of fossil fuels with 2 In the future, efficiency can be further improved
-1
billion tons year discharged by coal-fired through the development of superior crop
power plants as prevalent around the globe (3,4) . varieties, improved crop management
Due to concerns over rising fuel prices, declining techniques, and advancements in ethanol
(8)
production processes . The only other biofuel
reserves of fossil fuels, and environmental
issues such as pollution and global warming, a made on an industrial basis is biodiesel
produced from oily plants and seeds and
novel, sustainable approach to energy
commonly used in Europe and Asia (14) . There is
production is urgently needed. Biomass and
fuels derived from its processing are one of a number of environmental and socioeconomic
concerns around the first generation biofuels
promising alternatives to conventional fossil
(5)
fuels . Sustainability, feedstock diversity, and future perspective such as land use, food
(15)
low to no emissions of gasses such as soot, SO2, competitivness, and lifecycle . Moreover, the
growth is dictated by biomass prices on the
or NOx make biomass a promising energy
market. Some of these challenges are banished
source. However, treatment is needed for
biomass to be converted into biofuels and through newer generation fuels. Second
generation biofuels utilize the range of different
chemicals that have ready use due to its high
feedstocks such as non-edible lignocelulosic
moisture and oxygen content and consequently
lower energy-density compared to fossil fuels biomass, different residues and waste products
(6,7) . According to Faaij (2006) research, bio- such as bio-waste and municipal solid waste
(14,16) .
energy could meet current global energy needs
-1 (8)
with a potential of over 1000 EJ year . Thermochemical conversion
Additionally, biofuels are carbon neutral as the The most well-known method of converting
CO2 released by their combustion is consumed biogenic waste is thermochemical conversion,
again for the growth of other biomass via which also includes pyrolysis, gasification,
(1)
photosynthesis . Fig. 1 shows the conversion liquefaction, hydropyrolysis, and reforming (17–
routes of biomass to bioenergy. Biogas, ethanol 21) . The biomass is transformed into
and biodiesel are examples of first-generation hydrocarbons and synthesis gas through
biofuels that are directly tied to biomass that is gasification, whereas pyrolysis and liquefaction
frequently edible (9–13) . To make first-generation directly transform the biomass at high
bioethanol, only a few distinct feedstocks are temperatures into bio-oils, gases, and char.

actually employed, namely sugarcane or corn.
Brazil is one of the top countries using

SJSI – 2023: VOLUME 1-1