Page 28 - sjsi

Review Article: Al-Afif 28

Gasification – pyrolysis

Biomass combustion – biomass
gasification – biomass pyrolysis Biochar production and
(51)
photovoltaics – wind power vanadium electricity generation
redox battery-based energy storage
system

Seaweed/wood Pyrolysis – anaerobic digestion Methane production (42)

Anaerobic digestion hydrothermal
Wheat straw Energy recovery (52)
carbonization
Hydrothermal carbonization –
Spent coffee ground Methane production (41)
anaerobic digestion

Carbon capture and storage additional purification is required apart from
IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report highlighted dehydration. Once the CO2 is captured, it can be
that emissions must be diminished by 50-85% compressed and transported via pipeline, truck,
until 2050 to keep global warming below 2°C. or ship to a storage site or be used in some way.
Through IPCC's Special Renewable Energy For example, captured CO2 has been sold for
Sources and Climate Change Mitigation and use in enhanced oil recovery or within the food
Technology Roadmap Carbon Capture and and beverage sector. Researchers are exploring
Storage in Industrial Applications, bio-CCS was the potential of combining fossil fuels with
recognized as a single wide-reaching technology sustainably grown biomass in flexible
that could reach negative carbon footprint (53– conversion facilities to produce fuels and other
55) . It combines sustainable biomass conversion products. Gasification-based conversion
with CO2 Capture and Storage technology. For platforms offer a flexible method for fuel
its growth, biomass absorbs CO2 from the production from biomass, coal, and natural gas.
atmosphere. Nevertheless, in conversion Combining sustainably grown biomass with
processes, CO2 is once more exhausted in the (partial) CO2 capture allows for overall negative
air. CCS technology aims to capture this CO2 emissions per unit of energy produced on a
exhaustion, deliver, and store it safely life cycle basis. This approach can be used to
underground through natural mechanisms produce hydrogen, where all carbon monoxide
(residual, dissolution, and mineral trapping) (15) . produced is shifted to hydrogen and CO2. A co-
The production of biofuels, such as ethanol feeding strategy, such as with coal, can be
fermentation and bio-FT, produces a high attractive in the short term for organizing large-
concentration of CO2 as a byproduct. As a result, scale biomass supplies. When equipped with
these pathways have the potential to capture CO2 capture facilities, the input share of fossil
and utilize CO2 for storage or use. The cost of fuel can still become "carbon neutral". Negative
capture and transport is relatively low. Due to emissions could be obtained by using more
the high concentration of CO2 produced, no biomass. For instance, bio-CSS can be applied in

SJSI – 2023: VOLUME 1-1