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Review Article: Al-Afif 26
cost and overall effectiveness. Furthermore, negative emissions, sometimes referred to as
intergeration with anaerobic digestion is a carbon dioxide reduction. Biojet kerosene has
promissing future direction for higher quality to make significant strides in order to align with
bio-oil and solution of an environmental the Net Zero Scenario by 2030. The success of
problem (29) . biojet kerosene depends on reducing costs,
implementing clear regulatory schemes and
Gasification and biofuels
policies, and diversifying sustainable feedstock
Gasification produces less toxic fuels compared
supplies beyond waste and edible oils.
to fossil that can use existing infrastructure.
While commercial production of biofuels from Synthesized methanol can be further upgraded
into gasoline, DME (fuel additive), and
gasification does not currently exist, there has
been increasing interest and research on this polymers, as well as acetic acid and
approach over the past few decades. The formaldehyde. Hydrogen that is produced in
gasification process can be used directly as a
gasification process produces syngas, a mixture
of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, from fuel or to further synthesize ammonia and urea
(8,32) . According to IEA, these production
biomass. This syngas then undergoes further
pathways could enable renewable diesel and
chemical processing to produce fuels and
chemicals that are readily available on the biojet kerosene to sustainably scale up to the
levels necessary in the Net Zero Scenario as they
market as shown in Fig.3.
utilize more abundant feedstock compared to
some already commercially viable options such
as HVO and HEFA (32) . The equipment needed
for these secondary processes is similar to that
used for natural gas, but gas cleaning is more
intensive. There have been some pilot projects
demonstrating this approach, but technological
challenges remain compared to other biofuel
production methods. While current process
technologies can be applied once clean syngas
is available, further research and development
are needed to improve gas-cleaning, scale up
processes, and achieve higher efficiencies and
lower costs through more advanced concepts
like liquid phase methanol production and
Fig. 3 Scheme of biofuels production through improved gas separation. Some countries are
gasification
increasing interest and investment in research
Through methanation synthesis gas is on advanced gasification for syngas production
produced. FTS yields kerosene (jet fuel), disel, as a long-term strategy.
and gasoline liquid fuels. Several commercial-
Hybrid Renewable System Technology
scale initiatives are currently in the works,
Another initiative to tackle energy challenges in
especially in the United States but also in a sustainable way is to adopt hybrid renewable
Europe and Japan, even though bio-FT is
energy systems. Such a setting that combines
currently in the demonstration stage. The
multiple renewable energy sources overcomes
initiatives cover a wide range of end products the issue of spatiotemporal variability of these
and feedstock options. Even carbon capture and
resources. Compared to single resource-based
storage will be used in one project, the Bayou energy generation systems, integrated
Fuels biorefinery in the United States, to create
SJSI – 2023: VOLUME 1-1
